visual basic

Visual Basic (VB) is the third-generation event-driven programming language and integrated development environment (IDE) from Microsoft for its COM programming model. Visual Basic is relatively easy to learn and use.[1][2]

Visual Basic was derived from BASIC and enables the rapid application development (RAD) of graphical user interface (GUI) applications, access to databases using Data Access Objects, Remote Data Objects, or ActiveX Data Objects, and creation of ActiveX controls and objects. Scripting languages such as VBA and VBScript are syntactically similar to Visual Basic, but perform differently.[3]

A programmer can put together an application using the components provided with Visual Basic itself. Programs written in Visual Basic can also use the Windows API, but doing so requires external function declarations.

The final release was version 6 in 1998. Microsoft's extended support ended in March 2008 and the designated successor was Visual Basic .NET (now known simply as Visual Basic).Contents [hide]
1 Language features
2 Characteristics
3 History
3.1 Timeline
4 Derivative languages
5 Performance and other issues
6 Legacy development and support
7 Example code
8 See also
9 References
10 External links

[edit]
Language features

Like the BASIC programming language, Visual Basic was designed to be easily learned and used by beginner programmers. The language not only allows programmers to create simple GUI applications, but can also develop complex applications. Programming in VB is a combination of visually arranging components or controls on a form, specifying attributes and actions of those components, and writing additional lines of code for more functionality. Since default attributes and actions are defined for the components, a simple program can be created without the programmer having to write many lines of code. Performance problems were experienced by earlier versions, but with faster computers and native code compilation this has become less of an issue.

Although programs can be compiled into native code executables from version 5 onwards, they still require the presence of runtime libraries of approximately 1 MB in size. This runtime is included by default in Windows 2000 and later, but for earlier versions of Windows like 95/98/NT it must be distributed together with the executable.

Forms are created using drag-and-drop techniques. A tool is used to place controls (e.g., text boxes, buttons, etc.) on the form (window). Controls have attributes and event handlers associated with them. Default values are provided when the control is created, but may be changed by the programmer. Many attribute values can be modified during run time based on user actions or changes in the environment, providing a dynamic application. For example, code can be inserted into the form resize event handler to reposition a control so that it remains centered on the form, expands to fill up the form, etc. By inserting code into the event handler for a keypress in a text box, the program can automatically translate the case of the text being entered, or even prevent certain characters from being inserted.

Visual Basic can create executables (EXE files), ActiveX controls, or DLL files, but is primarily used to develop Windows applications and to interface database systems. Dialog boxes with less functionality can be used to provide pop-up capabilities. Controls provide the basic functionality of the application, while programmers can insert additional logic within the appropriate event handlers. For example, a drop-down combination box will automatically display its list and allow the user to select any element. An event handler is called when an item is selected, which can then execute additional code created by the programmer to perform some action based on which element was selected, such as populating a related list.

Alternatively, a Visual Basic component can have no user interface, and instead provide ActiveX objects to other programs via Component Object Model (COM). This allows for server-side processing or an add-in module.

The language is garbage collected using reference counting, has a large library of utility objects, and has basic object oriented support. Since the more common components are included in the default project template, the programmer seldom needs to specify additional libraries. Unlike many other programming languages, Visual Basic is generally not case sensitive, although it will transform keywords into a standard case configuration and force the case of variable names to conform to the case of the entry within the symbol table. String comparisons are case sensitive by default, but can be made case insensitive if so desired.

The Visual Basic compiler is shared with other Visual Studio languages (C, C++), but restrictions in the IDE do not allow the creation of some targets (Windows model DLLs) and threading models.
[edit]
Characteristics

Visual Basic has the following traits which differ from C-derived languages:
Multiple assignment available in C language is not possible. A = B = C does not imply that the values of A, B and C are equal. The boolean result of "Is B = C?" is stored in A. The result stored in A would therefore be either false or true.
Boolean constant True has numeric value −1.[4] This is because the Boolean data type is stored as a 16-bit signed integer. In this construct −1 evaluates to 16 binary 1s (the Boolean value True), and 0 as 16 0s (the Boolean value False). This is apparent when performing a Not operation on a 16 bit signed integer value 0 which will return the integer value −1, in other words True = Not False. This inherent functionality becomes especially useful when performing logical operations on the individual bits of an integer such as And, Or, Xor and Not.[5] This definition of True is also consistent with BASIC since the early 1970s Microsoft BASIC implementation and is also related to the characteristics of CPU instructions at the time.
Logical and bitwise operators are unified. This is unlike some C-derived languages (such as Perl), which have separate logical and bitwise operators. This again is a traditional feature of BASIC.
Variable array base. Arrays are declared by specifying the upper and lower bounds in a way similar to Pascal and Fortran. It is also possible to use the Option Base statement to set the default lower bound. Use of the Option Base statement can lead to confusion when reading Visual Basic code and is best avoided by always explicitly specifying the lower bound of the array. This lower bound is not limited to 0 or 1, because it can also be set by declaration. In this way, both the lower and upper bounds are programmable. In more subscript-limited languages, the lower bound of the array is not variable. This uncommon trait does exist in Visual Basic .NET but not in VBScript.
OPTION BASE was introduced by ANSI, with the standard for ANSI Minimal BASIC in the late 1970s.
Relatively strong integration with the Windows operating system and the Component Object Model. The native types for strings and arrays are the dedicated COM types, BSTR and SAFEARRAY.
Banker's rounding as the default behavior when converting real numbers to integers with the Round function.[6] ? Round(2.5, 0) gives 2, ? Round(3.5, 0) gives 4.
Integers are automatically promoted to reals in expressions involving the normal division operator (/) so that division of one integer by another produces the intuitively correct result. There is a specific integer divide operator (\) which does truncate.
By default, if a variable has not been declared or if no type declaration character is specified, the variable is of type Variant. However this can be changed with Deftype statements such as DefInt, DefBool, DefVar, DefObj, DefStr. There are 12 Deftype statements in total offered by Visual Basic 6.0. The default type may be overridden for a specific declaration by using a special suffix character on the variable name (# for Double, ! for Single, & for Long, % for Integer, $ for String, and @ for Currency) or using the key phrase As (type). VB can also be set in a mode that only explicitly declared variables can be used with the command Option Explicit.
[edit]
History

VB 1.0 was introduced in 1991. The drag and drop design for creating the user interface is derived from a prototype form generator developed by Alan Cooper and his company called Tripod. Microsoft contracted with Cooper and his associates to develop Tripod into a programmable form system for Windows 3.0, under the code name Ruby (no relation to the Ruby programming language).

Tripod did not include a programming language at all. Microsoft decided to combine Ruby with the Basic language to create Visual Basic.

The Ruby interface generator provided the "visual" part of Visual Basic and this was combined with the "EB" Embedded BASIC engine designed for Microsoft's abandoned "Omega" database system. Ruby also provided the ability to load dynamic link libraries containing additional controls (then called "gizmos"), which later became the VBX interface.[7]
[edit]
Timeline
Project 'Thunder' was initiated
Visual Basic 1.0 (May 1991) was released for Windows at the Comdex/Windows World trade show in Atlanta, Georgia.
Visual Basic 1.0 for DOS was released in September 1992. The language itself was not quite compatible with Visual Basic for Windows, as it was actually the next version of Microsoft's DOS-based BASIC compilers, QuickBASIC and BASIC Professional Development System. The interface used a Text user interface, using extended ASCII characters to simulate the appearance of a GUI.

 Visual Basic for MS-DOS
Visual Basic 2.0 was released in November 1992. The programming environment was easier to use, and its speed was improved. Notably, forms became instantiable objects, thus laying the foundational concepts of class modules as were later offered in VB4.
Visual Basic 3.0 was released in the summer of 1993 and came in Standard and Professional versions. VB3 included version 1.1 of the Microsoft Jet Database Engine that could read and write Jet (or Access) 1.x databases.
Visual Basic 4.0 (August 1995) was the first version that could create 32-bit as well as 16-bit Windows programs. It also introduced the ability to write non-GUI classes in Visual Basic. Incompatibilities between different releases of VB4 caused installation and operation problems. While previous versions of Visual Basic had used VBX controls, Visual Basic now used OLE controls (with files names ending in .OCX) instead. These were later to be named ActiveX controls.
With version 5.0 (February 1997), Microsoft released Visual Basic exclusively for 32-bit versions of Windows. Programmers who preferred to write 16-bit programs were able to import programs written in Visual Basic 4.0 to Visual Basic 5.0, and Visual Basic 5.0 programs can easily be converted with Visual Basic 4.0. Visual Basic 5.0 also introduced the ability to create custom user controls, as well as the ability to compile to native Windows executable code, speeding up calculation-intensive code execution. A free, downloadable Control Creation Edition was also released for creation of ActiveX controls. It was also used as an introductory form of Visual Basic: a regular .exe project could be created and run in the IDE, but not compiled.
Visual Basic 6.0 (Mid 1998) improved in a number of areas [8] including the ability to create web-based applications. VB6 has entered Microsoft's "non-supported phase" as of March 2008. Although the Visual Basic 6.0 development environment is no longer supported, the runtime is supported on Windows Vista, Windows Server 2008 and Windows 7.[9]
Mainstream Support for Microsoft Visual Basic 6.0 ended on March 31, 2005. Extended support ended in March 2008.[10] In response, the Visual Basic user community expressed its grave concern and lobbied users to sign a petition to keep the product alive.[11] Microsoft has so far refused to change their position on the matter. (but see [12]) Ironically, around this time (2005), it was exposed that Microsoft's new anti-spyware offering, Microsoft AntiSpyware (part of the GIANT Company Software purchase), was coded in Visual Basic 6.0.[13] Its 
 VB DOS Logo
replacement, Windows Defender, was rewritten as C++ code. 
 VB DOS Logo[14]
[edit]
Derivative languages

Microsoft has developed derivatives of Visual Basic for use in scripting. Visual Basic itself is derived heavily from BASIC, and subsequently has been replaced with a .NET platform version.

Some of the derived languages are:
Visual Basic for Applications (VBA) is included in many Microsoft applications (Microsoft Office), and also in many third-party products like SolidWorks, AutoCAD, WordPerfect Office 2002, ArcGIS, Sage Accpac ERP, and Business Objects Desktop Intelligence. There are small inconsistencies in the way VBA is implemented in different applications, but it is largely the same language as VB6 and uses the same runtime library.
VBScript is the default language for Active Server Pages. It can be used in Windows scripting and client-side web page scripting. Although it resembles VB in syntax, it is a separate language and it is executed by vbscript.dll as opposed to the VB runtime. ASP and VBScript should not be confused with ASP.NET which uses the .NET Framework for compiled web pages.
Visual Basic .NET is Microsoft's designated successor to Visual Basic 6.0, and is part of Microsoft's .NET platform. Visual Basic.Net compiles and runs using the .NET Framework. It is not backwards compatible with VB6. An automated conversion tool exists, but fully automated conversion for most projects is impossible.[15]
StarOffice Basic is a Visual Basic compatible interpreter included in StarOffice suite, developed by Sun Microsystems.
Gambas is a Visual Basic inspired free software programming language. It is not a clone of Visual Basic, but it does have the ability to convert Visual Basic programs to Gambas.
[edit]
Performance and other issues

Earlier counterparts of Visual Basic (prior to version 5) compiled the code to P-Code only. The P-Code is interpreted by the language runtime, also known as a virtual machine. The benefits of P-Code include portability and smaller binary file sizes, but it usually slows down the execution, since having a runtime adds an additional layer of interpretation. However, small amounts of code and algorithms can be constructed to run faster than compiled native code.

Visual Basic applications require Microsoft Visual Basic runtime MSVBVMxx.DLL, where xx is the relevant version number, either 50 or 60. MSVBVM60.dll comes as standard with Windows in all editions after Windows 98 while MSVBVM50.dll comes with all editions after Windows 95. A Windows 95 machine would however require inclusion with the installer of whichever dll was needed by the program.

Visual Basic 5 and 6 can compile code to either native or P-Code.

Criticisms levelled at Visual Basic editions prior to VB.NET include:[16]
Versioning problems associated with various runtime DLLs, known as DLL hell
Poor support for object-oriented programming[17]
Inability to create multi-threaded applications, without resorting to Windows API calls
Inability to create Windows services
Variant types have a greater performance and storage overhead than strongly typed programming languages
Dependency on complex and fragile COM Registry entries[18]
The development environment is no longer supported by Microsoft.
[edit]
Legacy development and support

All versions of the Visual Basic development environment from 1.0 to 6.0 have been retired and are now unsupported by Microsoft. The associated runtime environments are unsupported too, with the exception of the Visual Basic 6 core runtime environment, which will be officially supported by Microsoft for the lifetime of Windows 7.[19] Third party components that shipped with Visual Studio 6.0 are not included in this support statement. Some legacy Visual Basic components may still work on newer platforms, despite being unsupported by Microsoft and other vendors.

Development and maintenance development for Visual Basic 6 is possible on legacy Windows XP, Windows Vista and Windows 2003 using Visual Studio 6.0 platforms, but is unsupported. Documentation for Visual Basic 6.0, its application programming interface and tools is best covered in the last MSDN release before Visual Studio.NET 2002. Later releases of MSDN focused on .NET development and had significant parts of the Visual Basic 6.0 programming documentation removed. The Visual Basic IDE can be installed and used on Windows Vista, where it exhibits some minor incompatibilities which do not hinder normal software development and maintenance. As of August 2008, both Visual Studio 6.0 and the MSDN documentation mentioned above are available for download by MSDN subscribers.
[edit]
Example code

Here is an example of the language. The following code snippet displays a message box saying "Hello, World!" as the window loads:
Private Sub Form_Load()
    ' Execute a simple message box that will say "Hello, World!"
    MsgBox "Hello, World!"
End Sub

Later in VB6 you can use more complex coding. This snippet makes a counter that moves up 1 every second. You need to have the timer control added on to the form for this to work
Option Explicit
Dim Count As Integer
Private Sub Form_Load()
    Count = 0
    Timer1.Interval = 1000 ' units of milliseconds
End Sub
Private Sub Timer1_Timer()
    Count = Count + 1
    lblCount.Caption = Count
End Sub

visual basic

Visual Basic (VB) is the third-generation event-driven programming language and integrated development environment (IDE) from Microsoft for its COM programming model. Visual Basic is relatively easy to learn and use.[1][2]

Visual Basic was derived from BASIC and enables the rapid application development (RAD) of graphical user interface (GUI) applications, access to databases using Data Access Objects, Remote Data Objects, or ActiveX Data Objects, and creation of ActiveX controls and objects. Scripting languages such as VBA and VBScript are syntactically similar to Visual Basic, but perform differently.[3]

A programmer can put together an application using the components provided with Visual Basic itself. Programs written in Visual Basic can also use the Windows API, but doing so requires external function declarations.

The final release was version 6 in 1998. Microsoft's extended support ended in March 2008 and the designated successor was Visual Basic .NET (now known simply as Visual Basic).Contents [hide]
1 Language features
2 Characteristics
3 History
3.1 Timeline
4 Derivative languages
5 Performance and other issues
6 Legacy development and support
7 Example code
8 See also
9 References
10 External links

[edit]
Language features

Like the BASIC programming language, Visual Basic was designed to be easily learned and used by beginner programmers. The language not only allows programmers to create simple GUI applications, but can also develop complex applications. Programming in VB is a combination of visually arranging components or controls on a form, specifying attributes and actions of those components, and writing additional lines of code for more functionality. Since default attributes and actions are defined for the components, a simple program can be created without the programmer having to write many lines of code. Performance problems were experienced by earlier versions, but with faster computers and native code compilation this has become less of an issue.

Although programs can be compiled into native code executables from version 5 onwards, they still require the presence of runtime libraries of approximately 1 MB in size. This runtime is included by default in Windows 2000 and later, but for earlier versions of Windows like 95/98/NT it must be distributed together with the executable.

Forms are created using drag-and-drop techniques. A tool is used to place controls (e.g., text boxes, buttons, etc.) on the form (window). Controls have attributes and event handlers associated with them. Default values are provided when the control is created, but may be changed by the programmer. Many attribute values can be modified during run time based on user actions or changes in the environment, providing a dynamic application. For example, code can be inserted into the form resize event handler to reposition a control so that it remains centered on the form, expands to fill up the form, etc. By inserting code into the event handler for a keypress in a text box, the program can automatically translate the case of the text being entered, or even prevent certain characters from being inserted.

Visual Basic can create executables (EXE files), ActiveX controls, or DLL files, but is primarily used to develop Windows applications and to interface database systems. Dialog boxes with less functionality can be used to provide pop-up capabilities. Controls provide the basic functionality of the application, while programmers can insert additional logic within the appropriate event handlers. For example, a drop-down combination box will automatically display its list and allow the user to select any element. An event handler is called when an item is selected, which can then execute additional code created by the programmer to perform some action based on which element was selected, such as populating a related list.

Alternatively, a Visual Basic component can have no user interface, and instead provide ActiveX objects to other programs via Component Object Model (COM). This allows for server-side processing or an add-in module.

The language is garbage collected using reference counting, has a large library of utility objects, and has basic object oriented support. Since the more common components are included in the default project template, the programmer seldom needs to specify additional libraries. Unlike many other programming languages, Visual Basic is generally not case sensitive, although it will transform keywords into a standard case configuration and force the case of variable names to conform to the case of the entry within the symbol table. String comparisons are case sensitive by default, but can be made case insensitive if so desired.

The Visual Basic compiler is shared with other Visual Studio languages (C, C++), but restrictions in the IDE do not allow the creation of some targets (Windows model DLLs) and threading models.
[edit]
Characteristics

Visual Basic has the following traits which differ from C-derived languages:
Multiple assignment available in C language is not possible. A = B = C does not imply that the values of A, B and C are equal. The boolean result of "Is B = C?" is stored in A. The result stored in A would therefore be either false or true.
Boolean constant True has numeric value −1.[4] This is because the Boolean data type is stored as a 16-bit signed integer. In this construct −1 evaluates to 16 binary 1s (the Boolean value True), and 0 as 16 0s (the Boolean value False). This is apparent when performing a Not operation on a 16 bit signed integer value 0 which will return the integer value −1, in other words True = Not False. This inherent functionality becomes especially useful when performing logical operations on the individual bits of an integer such as And, Or, Xor and Not.[5] This definition of True is also consistent with BASIC since the early 1970s Microsoft BASIC implementation and is also related to the characteristics of CPU instructions at the time.
Logical and bitwise operators are unified. This is unlike some C-derived languages (such as Perl), which have separate logical and bitwise operators. This again is a traditional feature of BASIC.
Variable array base. Arrays are declared by specifying the upper and lower bounds in a way similar to Pascal and Fortran. It is also possible to use the Option Base statement to set the default lower bound. Use of the Option Base statement can lead to confusion when reading Visual Basic code and is best avoided by always explicitly specifying the lower bound of the array. This lower bound is not limited to 0 or 1, because it can also be set by declaration. In this way, both the lower and upper bounds are programmable. In more subscript-limited languages, the lower bound of the array is not variable. This uncommon trait does exist in Visual Basic .NET but not in VBScript.
OPTION BASE was introduced by ANSI, with the standard for ANSI Minimal BASIC in the late 1970s.
Relatively strong integration with the Windows operating system and the Component Object Model. The native types for strings and arrays are the dedicated COM types, BSTR and SAFEARRAY.
Banker's rounding as the default behavior when converting real numbers to integers with the Round function.[6] ? Round(2.5, 0) gives 2, ? Round(3.5, 0) gives 4.
Integers are automatically promoted to reals in expressions involving the normal division operator (/) so that division of one integer by another produces the intuitively correct result. There is a specific integer divide operator (\) which does truncate.
By default, if a variable has not been declared or if no type declaration character is specified, the variable is of type Variant. However this can be changed with Deftype statements such as DefInt, DefBool, DefVar, DefObj, DefStr. There are 12 Deftype statements in total offered by Visual Basic 6.0. The default type may be overridden for a specific declaration by using a special suffix character on the variable name (# for Double, ! for Single, & for Long, % for Integer, $ for String, and @ for Currency) or using the key phrase As (type). VB can also be set in a mode that only explicitly declared variables can be used with the command Option Explicit.
[edit]
History

VB 1.0 was introduced in 1991. The drag and drop design for creating the user interface is derived from a prototype form generator developed by Alan Cooper and his company called Tripod. Microsoft contracted with Cooper and his associates to develop Tripod into a programmable form system for Windows 3.0, under the code name Ruby (no relation to the Ruby programming language).

Tripod did not include a programming language at all. Microsoft decided to combine Ruby with the Basic language to create Visual Basic.

The Ruby interface generator provided the "visual" part of Visual Basic and this was combined with the "EB" Embedded BASIC engine designed for Microsoft's abandoned "Omega" database system. Ruby also provided the ability to load dynamic link libraries containing additional controls (then called "gizmos"), which later became the VBX interface.[7]
[edit]
Timeline
Project 'Thunder' was initiated
Visual Basic 1.0 (May 1991) was released for Windows at the Comdex/Windows World trade show in Atlanta, Georgia.
Visual Basic 1.0 for DOS was released in September 1992. The language itself was not quite compatible with Visual Basic for Windows, as it was actually the next version of Microsoft's DOS-based BASIC compilers, QuickBASIC and BASIC Professional Development System. The interface used a Text user interface, using extended ASCII characters to simulate the appearance of a GUI.

 Visual Basic for MS-DOS
Visual Basic 2.0 was released in November 1992. The programming environment was easier to use, and its speed was improved. Notably, forms became instantiable objects, thus laying the foundational concepts of class modules as were later offered in VB4.
Visual Basic 3.0 was released in the summer of 1993 and came in Standard and Professional versions. VB3 included version 1.1 of the Microsoft Jet Database Engine that could read and write Jet (or Access) 1.x databases.
Visual Basic 4.0 (August 1995) was the first version that could create 32-bit as well as 16-bit Windows programs. It also introduced the ability to write non-GUI classes in Visual Basic. Incompatibilities between different releases of VB4 caused installation and operation problems. While previous versions of Visual Basic had used VBX controls, Visual Basic now used OLE controls (with files names ending in .OCX) instead. These were later to be named ActiveX controls.
With version 5.0 (February 1997), Microsoft released Visual Basic exclusively for 32-bit versions of Windows. Programmers who preferred to write 16-bit programs were able to import programs written in Visual Basic 4.0 to Visual Basic 5.0, and Visual Basic 5.0 programs can easily be converted with Visual Basic 4.0. Visual Basic 5.0 also introduced the ability to create custom user controls, as well as the ability to compile to native Windows executable code, speeding up calculation-intensive code execution. A free, downloadable Control Creation Edition was also released for creation of ActiveX controls. It was also used as an introductory form of Visual Basic: a regular .exe project could be created and run in the IDE, but not compiled.
Visual Basic 6.0 (Mid 1998) improved in a number of areas [8] including the ability to create web-based applications. VB6 has entered Microsoft's "non-supported phase" as of March 2008. Although the Visual Basic 6.0 development environment is no longer supported, the runtime is supported on Windows Vista, Windows Server 2008 and Windows 7.[9]
Mainstream Support for Microsoft Visual Basic 6.0 ended on March 31, 2005. Extended support ended in March 2008.[10] In response, the Visual Basic user community expressed its grave concern and lobbied users to sign a petition to keep the product alive.[11] Microsoft has so far refused to change their position on the matter. (but see [12]) Ironically, around this time (2005), it was exposed that Microsoft's new anti-spyware offering, Microsoft AntiSpyware (part of the GIANT Company Software purchase), was coded in Visual Basic 6.0.[13] Its 
 VB DOS Logo
replacement, Windows Defender, was rewritten as C++ code. 
 VB DOS Logo[14]
[edit]
Derivative languages

Microsoft has developed derivatives of Visual Basic for use in scripting. Visual Basic itself is derived heavily from BASIC, and subsequently has been replaced with a .NET platform version.

Some of the derived languages are:
Visual Basic for Applications (VBA) is included in many Microsoft applications (Microsoft Office), and also in many third-party products like SolidWorks, AutoCAD, WordPerfect Office 2002, ArcGIS, Sage Accpac ERP, and Business Objects Desktop Intelligence. There are small inconsistencies in the way VBA is implemented in different applications, but it is largely the same language as VB6 and uses the same runtime library.
VBScript is the default language for Active Server Pages. It can be used in Windows scripting and client-side web page scripting. Although it resembles VB in syntax, it is a separate language and it is executed by vbscript.dll as opposed to the VB runtime. ASP and VBScript should not be confused with ASP.NET which uses the .NET Framework for compiled web pages.
Visual Basic .NET is Microsoft's designated successor to Visual Basic 6.0, and is part of Microsoft's .NET platform. Visual Basic.Net compiles and runs using the .NET Framework. It is not backwards compatible with VB6. An automated conversion tool exists, but fully automated conversion for most projects is impossible.[15]
StarOffice Basic is a Visual Basic compatible interpreter included in StarOffice suite, developed by Sun Microsystems.
Gambas is a Visual Basic inspired free software programming language. It is not a clone of Visual Basic, but it does have the ability to convert Visual Basic programs to Gambas.
[edit]
Performance and other issues

Earlier counterparts of Visual Basic (prior to version 5) compiled the code to P-Code only. The P-Code is interpreted by the language runtime, also known as a virtual machine. The benefits of P-Code include portability and smaller binary file sizes, but it usually slows down the execution, since having a runtime adds an additional layer of interpretation. However, small amounts of code and algorithms can be constructed to run faster than compiled native code.

Visual Basic applications require Microsoft Visual Basic runtime MSVBVMxx.DLL, where xx is the relevant version number, either 50 or 60. MSVBVM60.dll comes as standard with Windows in all editions after Windows 98 while MSVBVM50.dll comes with all editions after Windows 95. A Windows 95 machine would however require inclusion with the installer of whichever dll was needed by the program.

Visual Basic 5 and 6 can compile code to either native or P-Code.

Criticisms levelled at Visual Basic editions prior to VB.NET include:[16]
Versioning problems associated with various runtime DLLs, known as DLL hell
Poor support for object-oriented programming[17]
Inability to create multi-threaded applications, without resorting to Windows API calls
Inability to create Windows services
Variant types have a greater performance and storage overhead than strongly typed programming languages
Dependency on complex and fragile COM Registry entries[18]
The development environment is no longer supported by Microsoft.
[edit]
Legacy development and support

All versions of the Visual Basic development environment from 1.0 to 6.0 have been retired and are now unsupported by Microsoft. The associated runtime environments are unsupported too, with the exception of the Visual Basic 6 core runtime environment, which will be officially supported by Microsoft for the lifetime of Windows 7.[19] Third party components that shipped with Visual Studio 6.0 are not included in this support statement. Some legacy Visual Basic components may still work on newer platforms, despite being unsupported by Microsoft and other vendors.

Development and maintenance development for Visual Basic 6 is possible on legacy Windows XP, Windows Vista and Windows 2003 using Visual Studio 6.0 platforms, but is unsupported. Documentation for Visual Basic 6.0, its application programming interface and tools is best covered in the last MSDN release before Visual Studio.NET 2002. Later releases of MSDN focused on .NET development and had significant parts of the Visual Basic 6.0 programming documentation removed. The Visual Basic IDE can be installed and used on Windows Vista, where it exhibits some minor incompatibilities which do not hinder normal software development and maintenance. As of August 2008, both Visual Studio 6.0 and the MSDN documentation mentioned above are available for download by MSDN subscribers.
[edit]
Example code

Here is an example of the language. The following code snippet displays a message box saying "Hello, World!" as the window loads:
Private Sub Form_Load()
    ' Execute a simple message box that will say "Hello, World!"
    MsgBox "Hello, World!"
End Sub

Later in VB6 you can use more complex coding. This snippet makes a counter that moves up 1 every second. You need to have the timer control added on to the form for this to work
Option Explicit
Dim Count As Integer
Private Sub Form_Load()
    Count = 0
    Timer1.Interval = 1000 ' units of milliseconds
End Sub
Private Sub Timer1_Timer()
    Count = Count + 1
    lblCount.Caption = Count
End Sub

visual basic

Visual Basic (VB) is the third-generation event-driven programming language and integrated development environment (IDE) from Microsoft for its COM programming model. Visual Basic is relatively easy to learn and use.[1][2]

Visual Basic was derived from BASIC and enables the rapid application development (RAD) of graphical user interface (GUI) applications, access to databases using Data Access Objects, Remote Data Objects, or ActiveX Data Objects, and creation of ActiveX controls and objects. Scripting languages such as VBA and VBScript are syntactically similar to Visual Basic, but perform differently.[3]

A programmer can put together an application using the components provided with Visual Basic itself. Programs written in Visual Basic can also use the Windows API, but doing so requires external function declarations.

The final release was version 6 in 1998. Microsoft's extended support ended in March 2008 and the designated successor was Visual Basic .NET (now known simply as Visual Basic).Contents [hide]
1 Language features
2 Characteristics
3 History
3.1 Timeline
4 Derivative languages
5 Performance and other issues
6 Legacy development and support
7 Example code
8 See also
9 References
10 External links

[edit]
Language features

Like the BASIC programming language, Visual Basic was designed to be easily learned and used by beginner programmers. The language not only allows programmers to create simple GUI applications, but can also develop complex applications. Programming in VB is a combination of visually arranging components or controls on a form, specifying attributes and actions of those components, and writing additional lines of code for more functionality. Since default attributes and actions are defined for the components, a simple program can be created without the programmer having to write many lines of code. Performance problems were experienced by earlier versions, but with faster computers and native code compilation this has become less of an issue.

Although programs can be compiled into native code executables from version 5 onwards, they still require the presence of runtime libraries of approximately 1 MB in size. This runtime is included by default in Windows 2000 and later, but for earlier versions of Windows like 95/98/NT it must be distributed together with the executable.

Forms are created using drag-and-drop techniques. A tool is used to place controls (e.g., text boxes, buttons, etc.) on the form (window). Controls have attributes and event handlers associated with them. Default values are provided when the control is created, but may be changed by the programmer. Many attribute values can be modified during run time based on user actions or changes in the environment, providing a dynamic application. For example, code can be inserted into the form resize event handler to reposition a control so that it remains centered on the form, expands to fill up the form, etc. By inserting code into the event handler for a keypress in a text box, the program can automatically translate the case of the text being entered, or even prevent certain characters from being inserted.

Visual Basic can create executables (EXE files), ActiveX controls, or DLL files, but is primarily used to develop Windows applications and to interface database systems. Dialog boxes with less functionality can be used to provide pop-up capabilities. Controls provide the basic functionality of the application, while programmers can insert additional logic within the appropriate event handlers. For example, a drop-down combination box will automatically display its list and allow the user to select any element. An event handler is called when an item is selected, which can then execute additional code created by the programmer to perform some action based on which element was selected, such as populating a related list.

Alternatively, a Visual Basic component can have no user interface, and instead provide ActiveX objects to other programs via Component Object Model (COM). This allows for server-side processing or an add-in module.

The language is garbage collected using reference counting, has a large library of utility objects, and has basic object oriented support. Since the more common components are included in the default project template, the programmer seldom needs to specify additional libraries. Unlike many other programming languages, Visual Basic is generally not case sensitive, although it will transform keywords into a standard case configuration and force the case of variable names to conform to the case of the entry within the symbol table. String comparisons are case sensitive by default, but can be made case insensitive if so desired.

The Visual Basic compiler is shared with other Visual Studio languages (C, C++), but restrictions in the IDE do not allow the creation of some targets (Windows model DLLs) and threading models.
[edit]
Characteristics

Visual Basic has the following traits which differ from C-derived languages:
Multiple assignment available in C language is not possible. A = B = C does not imply that the values of A, B and C are equal. The boolean result of "Is B = C?" is stored in A. The result stored in A would therefore be either false or true.
Boolean constant True has numeric value −1.[4] This is because the Boolean data type is stored as a 16-bit signed integer. In this construct −1 evaluates to 16 binary 1s (the Boolean value True), and 0 as 16 0s (the Boolean value False). This is apparent when performing a Not operation on a 16 bit signed integer value 0 which will return the integer value −1, in other words True = Not False. This inherent functionality becomes especially useful when performing logical operations on the individual bits of an integer such as And, Or, Xor and Not.[5] This definition of True is also consistent with BASIC since the early 1970s Microsoft BASIC implementation and is also related to the characteristics of CPU instructions at the time.
Logical and bitwise operators are unified. This is unlike some C-derived languages (such as Perl), which have separate logical and bitwise operators. This again is a traditional feature of BASIC.
Variable array base. Arrays are declared by specifying the upper and lower bounds in a way similar to Pascal and Fortran. It is also possible to use the Option Base statement to set the default lower bound. Use of the Option Base statement can lead to confusion when reading Visual Basic code and is best avoided by always explicitly specifying the lower bound of the array. This lower bound is not limited to 0 or 1, because it can also be set by declaration. In this way, both the lower and upper bounds are programmable. In more subscript-limited languages, the lower bound of the array is not variable. This uncommon trait does exist in Visual Basic .NET but not in VBScript.
OPTION BASE was introduced by ANSI, with the standard for ANSI Minimal BASIC in the late 1970s.
Relatively strong integration with the Windows operating system and the Component Object Model. The native types for strings and arrays are the dedicated COM types, BSTR and SAFEARRAY.
Banker's rounding as the default behavior when converting real numbers to integers with the Round function.[6] ? Round(2.5, 0) gives 2, ? Round(3.5, 0) gives 4.
Integers are automatically promoted to reals in expressions involving the normal division operator (/) so that division of one integer by another produces the intuitively correct result. There is a specific integer divide operator (\) which does truncate.
By default, if a variable has not been declared or if no type declaration character is specified, the variable is of type Variant. However this can be changed with Deftype statements such as DefInt, DefBool, DefVar, DefObj, DefStr. There are 12 Deftype statements in total offered by Visual Basic 6.0. The default type may be overridden for a specific declaration by using a special suffix character on the variable name (# for Double, ! for Single, & for Long, % for Integer, $ for String, and @ for Currency) or using the key phrase As (type). VB can also be set in a mode that only explicitly declared variables can be used with the command Option Explicit.
[edit]
History

VB 1.0 was introduced in 1991. The drag and drop design for creating the user interface is derived from a prototype form generator developed by Alan Cooper and his company called Tripod. Microsoft contracted with Cooper and his associates to develop Tripod into a programmable form system for Windows 3.0, under the code name Ruby (no relation to the Ruby programming language).

Tripod did not include a programming language at all. Microsoft decided to combine Ruby with the Basic language to create Visual Basic.

The Ruby interface generator provided the "visual" part of Visual Basic and this was combined with the "EB" Embedded BASIC engine designed for Microsoft's abandoned "Omega" database system. Ruby also provided the ability to load dynamic link libraries containing additional controls (then called "gizmos"), which later became the VBX interface.[7]
[edit]
Timeline
Project 'Thunder' was initiated
Visual Basic 1.0 (May 1991) was released for Windows at the Comdex/Windows World trade show in Atlanta, Georgia.
Visual Basic 1.0 for DOS was released in September 1992. The language itself was not quite compatible with Visual Basic for Windows, as it was actually the next version of Microsoft's DOS-based BASIC compilers, QuickBASIC and BASIC Professional Development System. The interface used a Text user interface, using extended ASCII characters to simulate the appearance of a GUI.

 Visual Basic for MS-DOS
Visual Basic 2.0 was released in November 1992. The programming environment was easier to use, and its speed was improved. Notably, forms became instantiable objects, thus laying the foundational concepts of class modules as were later offered in VB4.
Visual Basic 3.0 was released in the summer of 1993 and came in Standard and Professional versions. VB3 included version 1.1 of the Microsoft Jet Database Engine that could read and write Jet (or Access) 1.x databases.
Visual Basic 4.0 (August 1995) was the first version that could create 32-bit as well as 16-bit Windows programs. It also introduced the ability to write non-GUI classes in Visual Basic. Incompatibilities between different releases of VB4 caused installation and operation problems. While previous versions of Visual Basic had used VBX controls, Visual Basic now used OLE controls (with files names ending in .OCX) instead. These were later to be named ActiveX controls.
With version 5.0 (February 1997), Microsoft released Visual Basic exclusively for 32-bit versions of Windows. Programmers who preferred to write 16-bit programs were able to import programs written in Visual Basic 4.0 to Visual Basic 5.0, and Visual Basic 5.0 programs can easily be converted with Visual Basic 4.0. Visual Basic 5.0 also introduced the ability to create custom user controls, as well as the ability to compile to native Windows executable code, speeding up calculation-intensive code execution. A free, downloadable Control Creation Edition was also released for creation of ActiveX controls. It was also used as an introductory form of Visual Basic: a regular .exe project could be created and run in the IDE, but not compiled.
Visual Basic 6.0 (Mid 1998) improved in a number of areas [8] including the ability to create web-based applications. VB6 has entered Microsoft's "non-supported phase" as of March 2008. Although the Visual Basic 6.0 development environment is no longer supported, the runtime is supported on Windows Vista, Windows Server 2008 and Windows 7.[9]
Mainstream Support for Microsoft Visual Basic 6.0 ended on March 31, 2005. Extended support ended in March 2008.[10] In response, the Visual Basic user community expressed its grave concern and lobbied users to sign a petition to keep the product alive.[11] Microsoft has so far refused to change their position on the matter. (but see [12]) Ironically, around this time (2005), it was exposed that Microsoft's new anti-spyware offering, Microsoft AntiSpyware (part of the GIANT Company Software purchase), was coded in Visual Basic 6.0.[13] Its 
 VB DOS Logo
replacement, Windows Defender, was rewritten as C++ code. 
 VB DOS Logo[14]
[edit]
Derivative languages

Microsoft has developed derivatives of Visual Basic for use in scripting. Visual Basic itself is derived heavily from BASIC, and subsequently has been replaced with a .NET platform version.

Some of the derived languages are:
Visual Basic for Applications (VBA) is included in many Microsoft applications (Microsoft Office), and also in many third-party products like SolidWorks, AutoCAD, WordPerfect Office 2002, ArcGIS, Sage Accpac ERP, and Business Objects Desktop Intelligence. There are small inconsistencies in the way VBA is implemented in different applications, but it is largely the same language as VB6 and uses the same runtime library.
VBScript is the default language for Active Server Pages. It can be used in Windows scripting and client-side web page scripting. Although it resembles VB in syntax, it is a separate language and it is executed by vbscript.dll as opposed to the VB runtime. ASP and VBScript should not be confused with ASP.NET which uses the .NET Framework for compiled web pages.
Visual Basic .NET is Microsoft's designated successor to Visual Basic 6.0, and is part of Microsoft's .NET platform. Visual Basic.Net compiles and runs using the .NET Framework. It is not backwards compatible with VB6. An automated conversion tool exists, but fully automated conversion for most projects is impossible.[15]
StarOffice Basic is a Visual Basic compatible interpreter included in StarOffice suite, developed by Sun Microsystems.
Gambas is a Visual Basic inspired free software programming language. It is not a clone of Visual Basic, but it does have the ability to convert Visual Basic programs to Gambas.
[edit]
Performance and other issues

Earlier counterparts of Visual Basic (prior to version 5) compiled the code to P-Code only. The P-Code is interpreted by the language runtime, also known as a virtual machine. The benefits of P-Code include portability and smaller binary file sizes, but it usually slows down the execution, since having a runtime adds an additional layer of interpretation. However, small amounts of code and algorithms can be constructed to run faster than compiled native code.

Visual Basic applications require Microsoft Visual Basic runtime MSVBVMxx.DLL, where xx is the relevant version number, either 50 or 60. MSVBVM60.dll comes as standard with Windows in all editions after Windows 98 while MSVBVM50.dll comes with all editions after Windows 95. A Windows 95 machine would however require inclusion with the installer of whichever dll was needed by the program.

Visual Basic 5 and 6 can compile code to either native or P-Code.

Criticisms levelled at Visual Basic editions prior to VB.NET include:[16]
Versioning problems associated with various runtime DLLs, known as DLL hell
Poor support for object-oriented programming[17]
Inability to create multi-threaded applications, without resorting to Windows API calls
Inability to create Windows services
Variant types have a greater performance and storage overhead than strongly typed programming languages
Dependency on complex and fragile COM Registry entries[18]
The development environment is no longer supported by Microsoft.
[edit]
Legacy development and support

All versions of the Visual Basic development environment from 1.0 to 6.0 have been retired and are now unsupported by Microsoft. The associated runtime environments are unsupported too, with the exception of the Visual Basic 6 core runtime environment, which will be officially supported by Microsoft for the lifetime of Windows 7.[19] Third party components that shipped with Visual Studio 6.0 are not included in this support statement. Some legacy Visual Basic components may still work on newer platforms, despite being unsupported by Microsoft and other vendors.

Development and maintenance development for Visual Basic 6 is possible on legacy Windows XP, Windows Vista and Windows 2003 using Visual Studio 6.0 platforms, but is unsupported. Documentation for Visual Basic 6.0, its application programming interface and tools is best covered in the last MSDN release before Visual Studio.NET 2002. Later releases of MSDN focused on .NET development and had significant parts of the Visual Basic 6.0 programming documentation removed. The Visual Basic IDE can be installed and used on Windows Vista, where it exhibits some minor incompatibilities which do not hinder normal software development and maintenance. As of August 2008, both Visual Studio 6.0 and the MSDN documentation mentioned above are available for download by MSDN subscribers.
[edit]
Example code

Here is an example of the language. The following code snippet displays a message box saying "Hello, World!" as the window loads:
Private Sub Form_Load()
    ' Execute a simple message box that will say "Hello, World!"
    MsgBox "Hello, World!"
End Sub

Later in VB6 you can use more complex coding. This snippet makes a counter that moves up 1 every second. You need to have the timer control added on to the form for this to work
Option Explicit
Dim Count As Integer
Private Sub Form_Load()
    Count = 0
    Timer1.Interval = 1000 ' units of milliseconds
End Sub
Private Sub Timer1_Timer()
    Count = Count + 1
    lblCount.Caption = Count
End Sub

Sejarah Internet

Pengertian Internet

by Sejarah Internet
in pengertian internet

51 Comments

Apa itu Internet? Mari coba kita jabarkan Pengertian dari Internet.

Internet merupakan jaringan global komputer dunia, besar dan sangat luas sekali dimana setiap komputer saling terhubung satu sama lainnya dari negara ke negara lainnya di seluruh dunia dan berisi berbagai macam informasi, mulai dari text, gambar, audio, video, dan lainnya.

Internet itu sendiri berasal dari kata Interconnection Networking, yang berarti hubungan dari banyak jaringan komputer dengan berbagai tipe dan jenis, dengan menggunakan tipe komunikasi seperti telepon, salelit, dan lainnya.
Dalam mengatur integrasi dan komunikasi jaringan komputer ini menggunakan protokol yaitu TCP/IP. TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) bertugas untuk memastikan bahwa semua hubungan bekerja dengan benar, sedangkan IP (Internet Protocol) yang mentransmisikan data dari satu komputer ke komputer lain. TPC/IP secara umum berfungsi memilih rute terbaik transmisi data, memilih rute alternatif jika suatu rute tidak dapat di gunakan, mengatur dan mengirimkan paket-paket pengiriman data.
Untuk dapat ikut serta menggunakan fasilitas Internet, Anda harus berlangganan ke salah satu ISP (Internet Service Provider) yang ada dan melayani daerah Anda. ISP ini biasanya disebut penyelenggara jasa internet. Anda bisa menggunakan fasilitas dari Telkom seperti Telkomnet Instan, speedy dan juga layanan ISP lain seperti first media, netzip dan sebagainya.
Internet memberikan banyak sekali manfaat, ada yang bisa memberikan manfaat baik dan buruk. Baik bila digunakan untuk pembelajaran informasi dan buruk bila digunakan untuk hal yang berbau pornografi, informasi kekerasan, dan lain-lainnya yang negatif.
Internet ini memungkinkan pengguna komputer di seluruh dunia untuk saling berkomunikasi dan berbagi informasi dengan cara saling mengirimkan  email, menghubungkan komputer satu ke ke komputer yang lain, mengirim dan menerima file dalam bentuk text, audio, video, membahas topik tertentu pada newsgroup, website social networking dan lain-lain.
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Google

Dari Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas

Langsung ke: navigasi, cari

Google Inc.

Jenis	Publik (NASDAQ: GOOG), (LSE: GGEA)
Industri	Internet, Perangkat lunak komputer
Didirikan	Menlo Park, California (4 September 1998[1][2]
Kantor pusat	Mountain View, California, Amerika Serikat
Tokoh penting	Eric E. Schmidt(CEO & Direktur) Sergey M. Brin (Pendiri, Presiden Teknologi) Lawrence E. Page(Pendiri, Presiden Produk)
Produk	Lihat daftar produk Google
Pendapatan	▲23,651 miliar USD (2009)[3][4]
Laba usaha	▲8,312 miliar USD (2009)[3][4]
Laba bersih	▲6,520 miliar USD (2009)[3][4]
Jumlah aset	▲40,497 miliar USD (2009)[3][4]
Jumlah ekuitas	▲36,004 miliar USD (2009)[4]
Karyawan	20.621 (2010)[5]
Situs web	www.google.com

Tampilan Google pada tahun 1998.

Google Inc. (NASDAQ: GOOG dan LSE: GGEA) merupakan sebuah perusahaan publik Amerika Serikat, berperan dalam pencarian Internet dan iklan online. Perusahaan ini berbasis di Mountain View, California, dan memiliki karyawan berjumlah 19.604 orang (30 Juni 2008)^[6][7] Filosofi Google meliputi slogan seperti "Don't be evil", dan "Kerja harusnya menantang dan tantangan itu harusnya menyenangkan", menggambarkan budaya perusahaan yang santai.
Google didirikan oleh Larry Page dan Sergey Brin ketika mereka masih mahasiswa di Universitas Stanford dan perusahaan ini merupakan perusahaan saham pribadi pada 4 September 1998.^[1][2] Penawaran umum perdananya dimulai pada tanggal 19 Agustus 2004, mengumpulkan dana $1,67 miliar, menjadikannya bernilai $23 miliar. Melalui berbagai jenis pengembangan produk baru, pengambil alihan dan mitra, perusahaan ini telah memperluas bisnis pencarian dan iklan awalnya hingga ke area lainnya, termasuk email berbasis web, pemetaan online, produktivitas perusahaan, dan bertukar video.

Daftar isi [sembunyikan] 1 Produk 1.1 Periklanan 1.2 Aplikasi 1.3 Produk turunan 2 Platform 3 Kebiasaan dan budaya perusahaan 3.1 Googleplex 3.2 "Dua puluh persen" waktu 3.3 Telur paskah dan lawakan Hari April Mop 3.4 IPO dan budaya 4 Kritik 5 Lihat pula 6 Catatan kaki 7 Daftar pustaka 8 Pranala luar

[sunting] Produk

Artikel utama untuk bagian ini adalah: Daftar produk Google

Antarmuka Gmail, layanan surat elektronik Google, dalam bahasa Indonesia.

Google telah membuat layanan dan peralatan untuk lingkungan bisnis dan masyarakat; termasuk aplikasi web, jaringan periklanan dan solusi bagi bisnis.

[sunting] Periklanan

Kebanyakan dari pendapatan Google berasal dari program periklanan. Untuk keuangan tahun 2006, perusahaan ini dilaporkan mendapat jumlah keuntungan periklanan sebesar $10,492 miliar dan hanya $112 juta pada pendapatan lisensi dan lainnya.^[8] Google AdWords membolehkan pengiklan web menampilkan iklannya dalam hasil pencarian Google dan Google Content Network, melalui sebuah sistem bayar-per-klik atau bayar-per-lihat. Pemilik website Google AdSense juga dapat menampilkan iklannya di situs mereka sendiri, dan mendapat untung setiap kali iklan diklik.

[sunting] Aplikasi

Google dikenal luas karena layanan pencarian webnya, yang mana merupakan sebuah faktor besar dari kesuksesan perusahaan ini. Pada Agustus 2007, Google merupakan mesin pencari di web yang paling sering digunakan dengan pangsa pasar sebanyak 53,6%, kemudian Yahoo! (19,9%) dan Live Search (12,9%).^[9] Google memiliki miliaran halaman web, sehingga pengguna dapat mencari informasi yang mereka inginkan, melalui penggunaan kata kunci dan operator. Google juga telah menggunakan teknologi Pencarian Web pada layanan pencarian lainnya, termasuk, Pencarian Gambar, Google News, situs perbandingan harga Google Product Search, arsip Usenet interaktif Google Groups, Google Maps dan lainnya.
Tahun 2004, Google meluncurkan layanan email berbasis web gratisnya, disebut sebagai Gmail.^[10] Gmail memiliki fitur teknologi penyaringan spam dan kemampuan untuk menggunakan teknologi Google untuk mencari surel. Layanan ini mendatangkan keuntungan dengan menampilkan iklan dari layanan AdWords yang dimasukkan dalam isi pesan email yang ditampilkan di layar.
Pada awal 2006, perusahaan ini meluncurkan Google Video, yang tidak hanya membolehkan pengguna untuk mencari dan melihat video secara gratis, tetapi juga membolehkan pengguna dan penyebar media menyebarkan isinya, termasuk acara-acara televisi CBS, pertandingan basket NBA, dan video musik.^[11] Bulan Agustus 2007, Google mengumumkan bahwa mereka akan menghentikan program penyewaan dan penjualan videonya dan menawarkan pengembalian uang dan kredit Google Checkout bagi pengguna yang telah membeli video untuk sendiri.
Google juga telah membuat beberapa aplikasi desktop, termasuk Google Earth, sebuah program pemetaan interaktif yang disediakan oleh satelit dan fotografi udara yang mencakup keseluruhan planet Bumi. Google Earth dianggap sangat akurat dan lebih mendetil. Beberapa kota besar memiliki gambar jelas yang dapat dibesarkan sedekat-dekatnya untuk melihat kendaraan dan pejalan kaki dengan jelas. Akibatnya, terdapat beberapa alasan mengenai keterlibatan dalam keamanan nasional. Secara spesifik, beberapa negara dan militer beranggapan perangkat lunak ini dapat digunakan untuk melihat dengan kejelasan dekat-jelas lokasi fisik infrastruktur yang rusak, bangunan komersial dan penghunian, pangkalan, agensi pemerintah, dan lainnya. Bagaimanapun, gambar satelit jarang diperbarui, dan semuanya tersedia gratis melalui produk lainnya dan bahkan sumber pemerintah (NASA dan National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency, sebagai contoh). Beberapa orang menilai argumen ini dengan menyatakan bahwa Google Earth mudah diakses juga saat mencari lokasi.
Beberapa produk lainnya tersedia melalui Google Labs, yang mana merupakan sebuah koleksi aplikasi yang belum selesai dan masih dalam tahap ujicoba agar dapat digunakan publik.
Google telah mempromosikan produk mereka dalam berbagai cara. Di London, Google Space didirikan di Bandar Udara Heathrow, menampilkan berbagai produk, termasuk Gmail, Google Earth dan Picasa.^[12][13] Juga, sebuah halaman yang sama diluncurkan untuk mahasiswa Amerika, dibawah nama College Life, Powered by Google.^[14]
Tahun 2007, beberapa laporan menyatakan bahwa Google merencanakan peluncuran telepon genggam milik mereka, kemungkinan sebuah pesaing bagi iPhone Apple.^[15][16][17] Pada 5 November 2007, Google akhirnya mengumumkan Android, sebuah platform perangkat lunak dan sistem operasi bagi perangkat bergerak yang didukung Open Handset Alliance, sebuah konsorsium yang terdiri dari 34 perusahaan perangkat lunak, perangkat keras, dan telekomunikasi yang bertujuan mengembangkan standar terbuka bagi perangkat bergerak. Pada bulan September 2008, T-Mobile merilis ponsel pertama yang berjalan pada platform Android, yakni G1.
Bulan Oktober 2007, layanan Google SMS diluncurkan di India dan membolehkan pengguna memperoleh daftar bisnis, jadwal pemutaran film dan informasi dengan mengirim pesan singkat.^[18]
Google juga meluncurkan Google Chrome yaitu sebuah browser. Browser ini cukup cepat dan tampilannya minimalis

[sunting] Produk turunan

Tahun 2007, Google meluncurkan Google Apps Premier Edition, sebuah versi lain Google Apps yang difokuskan terutama pada pengguna bisnis. Produk ini memiliki beberapa tambahan seperti ruang disk lebih banyak untuk e-mail, akses API, dan penyokong utama, dengan harga USD50 per pengguna per tahun. Sebuah pertemuan besar Google Apps dengan 38.000 pengguna dilaksanakan di Universitas Lakehead di Thunder Bay, Ontario, Kanada.^[19]
Pada 13 Desember 2007, Google mengumumkan peluncuran terbatas Knol, sebuah situs web yang ditujukan sebagai sumber referensi pengetahuan. Knol dibuka bebas kepada semua pengguna pada 23 Juli 2008.

[sunting] Platform

Artikel utama untuk bagian ini adalah: Platform Google

Layanan Google berjalan pada beberapa ladang server, setiap ladang berisi ribuan komputer komoditas bertarif rendah yang menjalankan versi Linux. Sementara perusahaan ini tidak menyediakan informasi mendetil mengenai perangkat kerasnya, sebuah perhitungan tahun 2006 menyatakan bahwa terdapat 450.000 server, dikelompokkan dan diletakkan di pusat data di seluruh dunia.^[20]

[sunting] Kebiasaan dan budaya perusahaan

Google dikenal dengan etos kerjanya yang santai, yang mengingatkan kepada musim Dot-com. Bulan Januari 2007, budaya Google tersebut dipelajari oleh Fortune Magazine dan menempati urutan #1 (dari 100) perusahaan terbaik untuk bekerja.^[21] Filosofi perusahaan ini didasarkan pada berbagai prinsip biasa seperti, "Anda dapat menghasilkan uang tanpa melakukan vandal", "Anda dapat bekerja serius tanpa mengenakan seragam," dan "Bekerja harusnya menantang dan tantangan itu harusnya menyenangkan." Sebuah daftar lengkap fundamental perusahaan tersedia di website-nya.^[22] Budaya bekerja santai Google dapat dilihat dari logo Google-nya yang bervariasi pada hari-hari penting.
Google telah dikritik karena melakukan penggajian di bawah standar industri^[23]. Contohnya, beberapa administrator sistem digaji kurang dari $35.000 per tahun – dianggap kurang untuk pasaran kerja Bay Area.^[24] Bagaimanapun, performa saham Google setelah IPO telah membolehkan banyak karyawan awal diberi ganti rugi dengan berpartisipasi dalam pertumbuhan kekayaan perusahaan.^[25] Google mengimplementasikan insentif karyawan lainnya tahun 2005, seperti Google Founders' Award, dengan tambahan untuk memberikan gaji besar kepada karyawan baru. Kenyamanan, budaya, popularitas global, dan penghargaan terhadap merek kuatnya juga telah menarik banyak pelamar kerja yang berpotensi.
Setelah IPO pada Agustus 2004, dilaporkan bahwa pendiri Sergey Brin dan Larry Page, dan CEO Eric Schmidt, meminta bahwa gaji mereka dipotong menjadi $1.^[26] Penawaran yang akan datang oleh perusahaan untuk meningkatkan gaji mereka telah dibatalkan, terutama karena, "ganti rugi utama mereka akan datang dari pengembalian kepemilikan saham di Google. Sebagai pemegang saham signifikan, kekayaan masing-masing dikaitkan secara langsung untuk menyeimbangkan performa dan apresiasi harga saham, yang menyediakan persilangan langsung dengan ketertarikan pemegang saham."^[26] Tahun 2004, Schmidt digaji $250.000 per tahun, dan Page dan Brin masing-masing digaji $150.000.^[26]
Mereka semua telah menolak penawaran bonus dan peningkatan ganti rugi oleh dewan direktur Google. Pada laporan orang terkaya Amerika Serikat tahun 2007, Forbes melaporkan bahwa Sergey Brin dan Larry Page menempati urutan #5 dengan kekayaan $18,5 miliar masing-masing.^[27]

[sunting] Googleplex

Googleplex

Artikel utama untuk bagian ini adalah: Googleplex

Sambil bermain-main dengan nama Google, kantornya, di Mountain View, California, diberi nama "Googleplex" — sebuah googolplex yaitu 1 diikuti seratus nol, dan kantor tersebut menjadi sebuah komplek bangunan (semacam multiplex, cineplex, dll). Lobinya didekorasi dengan piano, lampu lava, kumpulan server lama, dan proyeksi tanda tanya di dinding. Lorongnya penuh dengan bola dan sepeda latihan. Setiap karyawan memiliki akses menuju pusat hiburan kantor. Kebutuhan yang disediakan tersebar di seluruh kampus dan termasuk sebuah gimnasium dengan alat-alat olahraga, ruang loker, kamar mandi, ruang pijat, permainan video, Foosball, anak piano besar, meja bilyar, dan ping pong. Dengan tambahan menuju ruang rekreasi, terdapat ruang makan terisi berbagai sereal, permen beruang, gula-gula, permen hitam, kacang mede, yogurt, wortel, buah-buahan segar, dan lusinan minuman seperti jus segar, soda, dan cappuccino buatan sendiri.^[rujukan?]

Papan letak di Googleplex

Tahun 2006, Google berpindah ke perkantoran seluas 28.900 m² di New York City, tepatnya 111 Eighth Ave. di Manhattan.^[28] Kantor tersebut dirancang dan dibangun khusus untuk Google dan merumahkan tim penjualan iklan terbesarnya yang telah berperan dalam menjaga kerjasama besar, terutama dengan MySpace dan AOL.^[28] Tahun 2003, mereka menambah seorang petugas pengembangan di New York City, yang telah bertanggung jawab untuk lebih dari 100 proyek pengembangan, termasuk Google Maps, Google Spreadsheet, dan lainnya.^[28] Diperkirakan bahwa bangunan tersebut menguras biaya $10 juta per tahun untuk sewa dan bentuk juga fungsinya sama dengan kantor di Mountain View, termasuk Foosball, hoki udara, dan meja ping-pong, juga area permainan video.^[28] Pada tahun 2006, Google juga meresmikan kantor baru untuk divisi AdWords-nya di Ann Arbor, Michigan.^[29]
Ukuran sistem pencarian Google belum diketahui; perkiraan jumlah server perusahaan adalah 450.000, yang tersebar di 25 lokasi di seluruh dunia, termasuk pusat operasi besar di Irlandia dan Atlanta, Georgia. Google juga sedang dalam proses pembangunan pusat operasi besar di The Dalles, Oregon, di tepi Sungai Columbia. Situs tersebut, disebut media sebagai Project 02, dipilih karena ketersediaan tenaga hidroelektrik dan stok kabel fiber optik besar, yang ditinggalkan sejak musim dot com pada tahun 1990-an. Pusat komputasi ini diperkirakan seluas dua lapangan sepak bola, dan telah menghasilkan ratusan lapangan kerja konstruksi, mengakibatkan harga real estat lokal meningkat 40%. Setelah selesai, bangunan ini akan menghasilkan 60 hingga 200 lapangan kerja permanen di kota berpenduduk 12.000 orang itu.^[30]
Google juga membuat langkah untuk menjamin operasi mereka ramah lingkungan. Bulan Oktober 2006, perusahaan ini mengumumkan rencana untuk memasang ribuan panel solar untuk menyediakan 1,6 megawatt listrik, cukup untuk memenuhi 30% kebutuhan energi kampus.^[31] Sistem ini akan menjadi sistem tenaga solar terbesar di kampus perusahaan AS dan salah satu yang terbesar di dunia. Bulan Juni 2007, Google mengumumkan bahwa mereka berencana untuk berstatus bebas karbon pada 2008, yang mencakup berinvestasi pada efisiensi energi, sumber energi yang diperbarui, dan tidak menggunakan karbon, seperti berinvestasi di proyek seperti mengumpulkan dan membakar metana dari kotoran hewan di pertanian-pertanian Meksiko dan Brazil.^[32]

[sunting] "Dua puluh persen" waktu

Semua pengembang Google menyisakan 20% waktu kerja mereka (sehari per minggu) pada proyek yang menarik mereka. Beberapa layanan baru Google, seperti Gmail, Google News, Orkut, dan AdSense berasal dari para pengembang independen ini.^[33] Dalam pembicaraan di Universitas Stanford, Marissa Mayer, Wakil Presiden Google untuk Produk Pencarian dan Kepuasan Pengguna, menyatakan bahwa analisisnya menunjukkan bahwa setengah dari produk baru yang diluncurkan berasal dari 20% waktu tersebut.^[34]

[sunting] Telur paskah dan lawakan Hari April Mop

Artikel utama untuk bagian ini adalah: Kebohongan Google

Google memiliki sebuah tradisi untuk membuat lawakan Hari April Mop — seperti Google MentalPlex, yang memiliki fitur penggunaan kekuatan mental untuk mencari web.^[35] Tahun 2002, mereka mengklaim bahwa merpati merupakan rahasia di belakang mesin pencarinya yang berkembang itu.^[36] Tahun 2004, mereka meluncurkan Google Lunar (yang diklaim untuk menghasilkan lowongan pekerjaan di bulan),^[37] dan tahun 2005, sebuah minuman fiksi perangsang otak, bernama Google Gulp diluncurkan.^[38] Tahun 2006, mereka datang dengan Google Romance, sebuah layanan kencan online.^[39] Tahun 2007, Google mengumumkan dua produk lawakan. Pertama adalah sebuah layanan Internet nirkabel gratis disebut TiSP (Toilet Internet Service Provider) ^[40] dimana seseorang memperoleh koneksi dengan menyiram ujung kabel fiber optik ke toilet mereka dan menunggu sekitar sejam untuk "Plumbing Hardware Dispatcher (PHD)" untuk menghubungkannya dengan Internet.^[40] Tambahannya, halaman Gmail Google menampilkan pengumuman untuk Gmail Paper, yang membolehkan pengguna layanan email gratis mereka tersebut mendapat pesan email-nya diterbitkan dan dikirim menuju alamat surat yang dituju.^[41]
Beberapa orang mengira pengumuman Gmail tahun 2004 sekitar Hari April Mop (juga penggandaan ruang penyimpanan Gmail menjadi dua gigabita pada 2005) bohong, meskipun keduanya berubah menjadi pengumuman asli. Tahun 2005, sebuah grafik bohong menyatakan keberhasilan Google untuk penyimpanan "tidak terbatas plus satu" GB ditampilkan dalam homepage Gmail.
Layanan Google berisi sejumlah telur Paskah; contohnya, halaman Peralatan Bahasa menawarkan pencarian dengan bahasa "Bork bork bork" dari Koki Swedia, "Hacker" (sebenarnya leet) dari Pig Latin, Elmer Fudd, dan Klingon.^[42] Dengan tambahan, kalkulator mesin pencari ini menyediakan Answer to Life, the Universe, and Everything dari The Hitchhiker Guide to the Galaxy oleh Douglas Adams.^[43] Sementara kotak pencarian Google dapat digunakan sebagai penukar satuan (juga sebagai kalkulator), beberapa satuan non-standar juga dimasukkan, seperti Smoot. Google juga secara rutin mengubah logonya dengan berbagai variasi liburan atau hari khusus sepanjang tahun, seperti Natal, Hari Ibu, atau ulang tahun sejumlah orang terkenal.^[44]

[sunting] IPO dan budaya

Banyak orang berspekulasi bahwa IPO Google dapat memengaruhi budaya perusahaan,^[45] karena tekanan pemegang saham untuk pengurangan keuntungan karyawan dan jangka-pendek, atau karena jumlah karyawan perusahaan yang besar dapat menjadi milyuner mendadak. Salam sebuah laporan yang diberikan kepada investor berpotensi, pendiri Sergey Brin dan Larry Page berjanji bahwa IPO tersebut tidak akan mengubah budaya perusahaan.^[46] Kemudian Page berkata, "Kami berpikir mengenai bagaimana mempertahankan budaya dan elemen menyenangkan kami. Kami membuang banyak waktu untuk membetulkan kantor kami. Kami berpikir penting untuk memiliki banyak karyawan. Orang-orang dikumpulkan bersama di mana-mana. Kami semua berbagi kantor. Kami menyukai kumpulan bangunan ini karena terlihat seperti kampus universitas yang disatukan daripada sebuah taman perkantoran pinggiran kota biasa."^[47]
Bagaimanapun, beberapa penganalis menemukan bahwa seiring Google tumbuh, perusahaan ini makin menjadi "korporat". Tahun 2005, artikel di The New York Times dan sumber lainnya menyatakan bahwa Google telah kehilangan anti-korporatnya, tanpa filosofi asal^[48][49][50] Dengan maksud untuk memepertahankan budaya unik perusahaan, Google telah menghasilkan seorang Chief Culture Officer pada 2006, yang juga melayani sebagai Direktur Sumber Daya Manusia. Kerja Chief Culture Officer adalah untuk membangun dan mempertahankan budaya dan kerja pada jalan yang benar menuju hasil inti bahwa perusahaan ini didirikan pada awalnya — sebuah perusahaan kecil, langkanya hirarki, sebuah lingkungan yang kolaboratif.^[51]

[sunting] Kritik

Artikel utama untuk bagian ini adalah: Kritik terhadap Google

Sambil bertumbuh, Google telah menerima berbagai kontroversi yang dikaitkan dengan praktik dan layanan bisnis mereka. Contohnya, tujuan Google Book Search adalah untuk memasukkan jutaan buku dan menjadikannya mudah dicari telah memimpin pada penyalahgunaan hak cipta dengan Authors Guild. Masalah hak cipta lainnya adalah mengenai Gmail di Inggris dan beberapa negara lainya. Sekarang, di berbagai belahan dunia, dikenal sebagai Google Mail. Kerjasama Google dengan pemerintah Cina, dan lebih jauh dengan Perancis dan Jerman (setelah penolakan Holocaust) untuk menyaring hasil pencarian berdasarkan hukum dan regulasi daerah yang memimpin kepada klaim penyensoran. Cookie Google dan praktik pengumpulan informasi lainnya telahmemimpin kepada masalah mengenai privasi pengguna. Beberapa pemerintah daerah India telah membicarakan masalah mengenai risiko keamanan yang ditampilkan oleh detil gambar yang disediakan oleh Google Earth.^[52] Google juga telah dikritik oleh pengiklan karena melakukan klik bayar, ketika seseorang digunakan untuk melakukan pembayaran pada sebuah iklan tanpa memiliki rasa ketertarikan terhadap produk tersebut. Laporan industri tahun 2006 mengklaim bahwa sekitar 14 hingga 20 persen klik merupakan pemaksaan bayar.^[53]

[sunting] Lihat pula

• Google Translate - Translator Web Google
• Googlebot - Bot pencarian (search bot) Google
• Google China - Subsidiari pencarian Web Google versi Cina
• Google File System - Sistem data terdistribusi internal Google
• Google Platform - Arsitektur perangkat keras sistem dan server Google dengan rujukan geografi
• Google Doodle
• Mesin pencari
• TrustRank

[sunting] Catatan kaki

1. ^ ^{a b} "Google Milestones". Corporate Information. Google, Inc.. http://www.google.com/intl/en/corporate/history.html. Diakses pada 28 September 2010. .
2. ^ ^{a b} Third Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of Google Inc. (Delaware). 24 Agustus 2004. http://investor.google.com/corporate/certificate-of-incorporation.html. Diakses pada 27 September 2008. 
3. ^ ^{a b c d} "Financial Tables". Google Investor Relations. http://investor.google.com/fin_data.html. Diakses pada 18 Februari 2010. 
4. ^ ^{a b c d e} U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (2009). "Form 10-K". Washington, D.C.: United States of America. Part II, Item 6. http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1288776/000119312510030774/d10k.htm#toc95279_8. Diakses pada 18 Februari 2010. 
5. ^ "Google profits beat expectations", BBC News, 15 April 2010. Diakses pada 3 Mei 2010.
6. ^ Misi Google adalah, "untuk mengumpulkan informasi dunia dan menjadikannya dapat diakses secara universal dan berguna."
7. ^ "Info Perusahaan Google: Pengenalan." Google. URL diakses pada 6 Januari 2007.
8. ^ "Formulir 10-K -- Laporan Tahunan". EDGAR. SEC. http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1288776/000119312507044494/d10k.htm. Diakses pada 14 Juli 2007. 
9. ^ "Saham Pencarian Agustus 2007 untuk Mesin Pencari 10 Teratas dari Nielsen//NetRatings 26 Oktober 2007. URL diakses pada 26 Oktober 2007.
10. ^ Staff Writer. "Google + e-mail = gmail." CNN. 1 Agustus 2004. URL diakses pada 23 Februari 2007.
11. ^ Tyler, Nathan. "Google Meluncurkan Pasaran Video." Google. 6 Januari 2006. URL diakses pada 23 Februari 2007.
12. ^ "Website Googlespace." Google. URL diakses pada 26 Februari 2007.
13. ^ Donoghue, Andrew. "Google mengubah Heathrow menjadi lab percobaan." ZDNet. 24 November 2005. URL diakses pada 25 Februari 2007.
14. ^ "Website College Life, Powered by Google." URL diakses pada 25 Februari 2007.
15. ^ Orlowski, Andrew. "Google Phone - kenyataan." The Register. 16 Maret 2007. URL diakses pada 1 April 2007.
16. ^ Smith, David. "Masa depan Orange menjadi Google di dalam kantongmu." The Guardian. 17 Desember 2006. URL diakses pada 1 April 2007.
17. ^ Ricker, Thomas. "The Google Switch: pengganti iPhone?." Engadget. 18 Januari 2007. URL diakses pada 1 April 2007.
18. ^ "[www.andhranews.net/India/2007/October/9-Google-SMS-Launches-18495.asp Google SMS Diluncurkan di India]".
19. ^ Rickwood, Lee. "Google Apps: perangkat lunak pengganti atau keputusan pengganti?." PCWorld.ca. 23 Maret 2007. URL diakses pada 25 Maret 2007.
20. ^ Carr, David F. "Bagaimana Google Bekerja." Baseline Magazine. 6 Juli 2006. URL diakses pada 10 Juli 2006.
21. ^ "100 Perusahaan Terbaik untuk Bekerja Tahun 2007." Fortune Magazine (pranala oleh CNN). 22 Januari 2007. URL diakses pada 8 Januari 2007.
22. ^ "Filosofi Perusahaan Google." Google. URL diakses pada 31 Oktober 2006.
23. ^ "Survei Data Gaji Karyawan Gogle --URL diakses dari mydanwei.com
24. ^ Penenberg, Adam L. "Mengapa Google Seperti Wal-Mart." Wired. 21 April 2005. URL diakses pada 25 Februari, 2007.
25. ^ Shinal, John. "IPO Google mencapai tujuan utamanya: Semuanya mengenai pengumpulan dana untuk perusahaan dan membonuskan karyawan, investor awal." San Francisco Chronicle. 22 Agustus 2004. URL diakses pada 25 Februari 2007.
26. ^ ^{a b c} La Monica, Paul R. "Pemimpin Google bertahan dengan potongan gaji $1." CNN. 31 Maret 2006. URL diakses pada 28 Februari 2007.
27. ^ "400 Orang Terkaya Amerika." Forbes. 20 September 2007. URL diakses pada 22 September 2007.
28. ^ ^{a b c d} Reardon, Marguerite. "Google memiliki bita yang lebih besar dari Big Apple." c net. 2 Oktober 2006. URL diakses pada 9 Oktober 2006.
29. ^ Mary Hayes Weier. Inside Google's Michigan Office. InformationWeek, 24 Oktober 2007. Diakses pada 12 September 2010.
30. ^ Markoff, John; Hansell, Saul. "Bersembunyi dari Perhatian, Google Mengumpulkan Tenaga Baru." New York Times. 14 Juni 2006. URL diakses pada 13 Oktober 2007.
31. ^ Richmond, Riva. "Google berencana untuk membangun sistem energi solar raksasa untuk kantornya." MarketWatch. 17 Oktober 2006. URL diakses pada 17 Oktober 2006.
32. ^ Staff Writer. "Google Bebas Karbon Tahun 2008." Environmental Leader. 19 Juni 2007. URL diakses pada 10 Juli 2007.
33. ^ "Seperti apa rasanya bekerja di Pengembangan, Operasi, & TI?." Google. URl diakses pada 2 Agustus 2006.
34. ^ Mayer, Marissa. "MS&E Kursus 472: Seri Seminar Pengusaha." (pranala video; sebuah podcast suara juga tersedia dalam bentuk MP3 format). Seri Seminar ETL/Universitas Stanford. 17 Mei 2006. Diakses pada 2 Agustus 2006.
35. ^ "Google MentalPlex." Google. 1 April 2000. URL diakses pada 22 Februari 2007.
36. ^ "Teknologi di belakang keberhasilan Google." Google. 1 April 2002. URl diakses pada 22 Februari 2007.
37. ^ "Google Copernicus Center menerima lowongan kerja." Google. 1 April 2004. URL diakses pada 22 Februari 2007.
38. ^ "Hilangkan dahaga Anda untuk pengetahuan." Google. 1 April 2005. URL diakses pada 22 Februari 2007.
39. ^ Fox, Lynn. "Google Mengumpulkan Informasi Pernikahan Dunia dengan Google Romance." Google. 1 April 2006. RURL diakses pada 22 Februari 2007.
40. ^ ^{a b} "Welcome to Google TiSP." Google. 1 April 2007. URL diakses pada 1 April 2007.
41. ^ "Kertas Gmail." Google. 1 April 2007. URL diakses pada 1 April 2007.
42. ^ "Peralatan Bahasa." Google. URL diakses pada 24 Januari 2007.
43. ^ "Google Search Results untuk 'menjawab kehidupan alam semesta dan segalanya'." Google. URL diakses pada 24 Januari 2007.
44. ^ "Logo liburan." Google. URL diakses pada 21 Mei 2007.
45. ^ Associated Press. "Budaya Google Membahayakan?" Wired Magazine. 28 April 2004.
46. ^ Baertlein, Lisa. "Google IPO bernilai $2.7 miliar." CIOL IT Unlimited. 30 April 2004.
47. ^ Vise, David A. "Taktik Batasan Tes Hukum IPO 'Google Guys'." Washington Post. 17 Agustus 2004. URL diakses pada 23 Februari 2007.
48. ^ Rivlin, Gary. "Relax, Bill Gates; Sekarang Giliran Google menjadi Musuh." New York Times. 24 Agustus 2005.
49. ^ Gibson, Owen; Wray, Richard. "Raksasa pencarian dapat mengurangi penggemarnya." The Sydney Morning Herald. 25 Agustus 2005.
50. ^ Ranka, Mohit. "Google - Don't Be Evil."OSNews. 17 Mei 2007.
51. ^ Mills, Elinor. "Bertemu dengan kaisar budaya Google." ZDNet. 30 April 2007. URL diakses pada 30 April 2007.
52. ^ Sharma, Dinesh C. "Presiden India memperingatkan Google Earth." c net. 17 Oktober 2005. URL diakses pada 23 Juli 2006.
53. ^ Mills, Elinor. "Google menawarkan pengiklan statistik klik bayar." c net. 25 Juli 2006. URl diakses pada 29 Juli 2006.